My Village                                                          Chak No. 156/W.B

My village name is chak no.156/W.B. It is situated in district Vehari Tehsil Mailsi Punjab Pakistan. Its UC no.153 Tibba sultan pur. It is 10 kilometer from Tibba sultan and Jahania khanewal. It is large and big village. It is beautiful. Its population is about 3000. Most of the villagers are farmers. Some are factory workers.The other some do their own business. All the villagers are hard working. They earn well. All are well - to - do. There are left only some mud houses.The people of my village are very fond of learning. Except some, all the boys and girls go to school and colleges. There are tow Primary schools in my village one for boys and one for girls. There are tow big play grounds, where young students play games. There are eight shops in my village. There is dispensary for animals. The agriculture land of my village is fertile and rich. My village produced big crops every year.   

Free Energy and Temperature

Free Energy and Temperature Dependence of Electron Transfer at the Metal-Electrolyte Interface:

                 The rate constant of the electron-transfer reaction between a gold electrode and an electroactive ferrocene group has been measured at a structurally well-defined metal-electrolyte interface at temperatures from 1° to 47°C and reaction free energies from -1.0 to +0.8 electron volts (eV). The ferrocene group was positioned a fixed distance from the gold surface by the self-assembly of a mixed thiol monolayer of (η⁵C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵C₅H₄)CO₂(CH₂)₁₆SH and CH₃(CH₂)₁₅SH. Rate constants from 1 per second (s^–1) to 2 x 10⁴ s^–1 in 1 molar HClO₄ are reasonably fit with a reorganization energy of 0.85 eV and a prefactor for electron tunneling of 7 x 10⁴ s^–1 eV^–1. Such self-assembled monolayers can be used to systematically probe the dependence of electron-transfer rates on distance, medium, and spacer structure, and to provide an empirical basis for the construction of interfacial devices such as sensors and transducers that utilize macroscopically directional electron-transfer reactions.

Culture and Traditions

In Northern Pakistan "Chitral, Gilgit, Hunza and Baltistan" Noroz is celebrated as a socio-religious festival. It is also celebrated with much fervour in Balochistan and in the urban centres of Karachi and Lahore. The day coincides with the coming of spring season on March 21, but the celeberation continues for weeks. In Baltistan, the main feature of Norouz is gifting of coloured eggs to friends and playing polo, volley ball, hockey and football, westling, tug of war alongside folk dances, songs and music and exhibition of handicraft. While in Balochistan, the festival is marked with outdoor feasts, and the traditional jumping over a fire to wash away sins and usher in a fresh start. The origins of this festival are pre-Islamic and date back to when Pakistan was part of the Persian Empire for several thousand years.

NAGAR VALLEY

Historically, Nagar was oldest state in the whole Gilgit-Baltistan and remained as an independent state until 1892 when Britishcolonized it. The battle fought in 1892 against the invading British army by people of Nagar (renowned locally “Nagarkutz”) at the spot of Thole Nagar, is remembered as “Jungeer-e-lay”. This battle went in favor of English army at the last moment when a representative of state betrayed his own men by providing information about a secret route on a mountai8n to enter the Nagar Valley, which was main obstacle in front of the invading English army.Nagar sub-division located in the north-east of District Gilgit (the main administrative centre of Gilgit-Baltistan) around some 65 km and at the height of 2590m from sea level.  It consists of around 30 villages, covering an area of 7500 Sq. Kilometers, with population of approximately 90,000.  There are two Tehsils and two Halqas (seats for Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly) in Nagar sub-division. The Hunza valley lies parallel to Nagar valley on the other side of river.In the valleyof Nagar, two languages Brushaski and Shina are spoken mainly. Agriculture is main source of income in this region. The local festivals, besides religious days, are Ushayas, Ginani, Thamo-bow, Halden etc. On the occasion of these events the National Game of this region “Polo” - the king of matches and match of the kings, which is the most famous game in this valley is played among different teams. The Karakuram Highway--the highest trade route in the world, passes through the valleys of Nagar, and enters into Hunza at the spot of Pison after crossing “Hunza-Nagar River”.  This river has most of its water coming from 29 small and big glaciers and ice peaks of Nagar.

The religion of the Nagar Valley is Islam with 100% Shia Isna Ashree. The literacy rate is over 90% for men and about 59% for women. According to the 1998 census, the population of the Nagar Valley was 1 lac and according to the 2000 figures the population had risen to 100,000. The languages spoken are Brushashki, and Shena . Sixty percent of the Burusho people live in Nagar. 40% of the Shina-speaking people live in Nagar Valley. Bedishki is a language spoken by the Bedicho (Doma) tribe of Nagar. It is related to the Gujarati language. It has only one hundred speakers, and is spoken in Chalat Nagar.

Gilgit-Baltistan

Gilgit-Baltistan (Urdu: گلگت - بلتستان, formerly known as the Northern Areas (Urdu: شمالی علاقہ جات, Shumālī Ilāqe Jāt)),is the northernmost political entity within Pakistan. It borders Pakistan`s Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province to the west,Afghanistan`s Wakhan Corridor to the north, China to the east and northeast, Azad Kashmirto the southwest, and Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir to the southeast. Gilgit-Baltistan covers an area of 72,971 km (28,174 m) and is highly mountainous. It has an estimated population approaching 1,000,000. Its administrative center is the city of Gilgit(population 216,760).

The territory became a single administrative unit in 1970 under the name Northern Areasand was formed by the amalgamation of the Gilgit Agency, the Baltistan District of the Ladakh Wazarat, and the states of Hunza and Nagar. Gilgit-Baltistan and the neighboring Azad Kashmir together constitute the distputed region, referred to as Pakistan-administered Kashmir by the United Nations and other international organisations, and as Pakistan.

Gilgit-Baltistan, which was most recently known as the Northern Areas, presently consists of seven districts, has a population approaching one million, has an area of approximately 28,000 square miles (73,000 km), and shares borders with

Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, and India. According to the Pakistani newspaper Daily Times, the people of Gilgit-Baltistan were liberated from the Dogra regime with the aid of the Pakistani army on 1 November 1947. The newspaper further states that while the area was independent for less than a month, they specifically requested the aid of the Pakistani government due to a lack of administrative infrastructure, and were thus incorporated into Pakistan upon the request of local residents. 

PAKISTAN

Pakistan  (Urdu: پاکِستان) officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکِستان) is asovereign state in South Asia. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Seaand the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan lies adjacent to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. In addition, Oman is also located in maritime vicinity and shares a marine border with Pakistan.Strategically, Pakistan is located in a position between the important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the greater Middle East.

The name Pakistan means Land of (the) Pure in Urdu and Persian. It was coined in 1933 asPakstan by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan movement activist, who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never.Pakistan is a federation of four provinces, Punjab, Sind, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a capital territory and a group of federally administered tribal areas. The government of Pakistan exercises de facto jurisdiction over the western parts of the disputed Kashmir region, organised as separate political entities; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. The latter has been given a province-like status for self government by the Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order, 2009.

Pakistan is the second-most populous Muslim-majority country and also has the second-largest Shi`a population in the world. About 97% of the Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunni, with an estimated 20-30% Shi`a. 2.3% are Ahmadis, who are officially considered non-Muslims since a 1974 "anti-Ahmadi" constitutional amendment. There are also several Sufi and Quraniyoon communities. Although the groups of Muslims usually coexist peacefully, sectarian violence occurs sporadically. The religious breakdown of the country is as follows:

• Islam 173,000,000 (97%) (majority Sunni, 20-30% Shi`a and 2.3% Ahmadis, minority Sufi).
• Hinduism 2,800,000 (1.6%)
• Christianity 2,800,000 (1.6%)
• Sikhs Around 20,000 (0.001%)
• The remaining are Parsis, Buddhists, Jews, Bahá`ís and Animists (mainly the Kalasha of Chitral)

Hunza Valley

Welcome to Hunza valley Hunza was formerly a princely state, and one of the most loyal vassals to the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, bordering China to the north-east and Pamir to its north-west, which continued to survive until 1974, when it was finally dissolved by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south, the former princely state of Nagar to the east. The state capital was the town of Baltit (also known asKarimabad) and its old settlement is Ganish Village.Hunza was an independent principality for more than 900 years. The British gained control of Hunza and the neighbouring valley of Nagar between 1889 and 1892 followed by a military engagement of severe intensity. The then Thom (Prince) Mir Safdar Ali Khan of Hunza fled to Kashghar in China and sought what can be called political asylum.The ruling family of Hunza is called Ayeshe (heavenly), from the following circumstance. The two states of Hunza and Nagar were formerly one, ruled by a branch of the Shahreis, the ruling family of Gilgit, whose seat of government was Nagar. Tradition relates that Mayroo Khan, apparently the first Muslim Thum ofNagar some 200 years after the introduction of the religion of Islam to Gilgit, married a daughter of Trakhan of Gilgit, who bore him twin sons named Moghlot and Girkis. From the former the present ruling family of Nager is descended. The twins are said to have shown hostility to one another from birth. Their father seeing this and unable to settle the question of succession, divided his state between them, giving to Girkis the north, and to Moghlot the south, bank of the river.