My Village                                                          Chak No. 156/W.B

My village name is chak no.156/W.B. It is situated in district Vehari Tehsil Mailsi Punjab Pakistan. Its UC no.153 Tibba sultan pur. It is 10 kilometer from Tibba sultan and Jahania khanewal. It is large and big village. It is beautiful. Its population is about 3000. Most of the villagers are farmers. Some are factory workers.The other some do their own business. All the villagers are hard working. They earn well. All are well - to - do. There are left only some mud houses.The people of my village are very fond of learning. Except some, all the boys and girls go to school and colleges. There are tow Primary schools in my village one for boys and one for girls. There are tow big play grounds, where young students play games. There are eight shops in my village. There is dispensary for animals. The agriculture land of my village is fertile and rich. My village produced big crops every year.   

Free Energy and Temperature

Free Energy and Temperature Dependence of Electron Transfer at the Metal-Electrolyte Interface:

                 The rate constant of the electron-transfer reaction between a gold electrode and an electroactive ferrocene group has been measured at a structurally well-defined metal-electrolyte interface at temperatures from 1° to 47°C and reaction free energies from -1.0 to +0.8 electron volts (eV). The ferrocene group was positioned a fixed distance from the gold surface by the self-assembly of a mixed thiol monolayer of (η⁵C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵C₅H₄)CO₂(CH₂)₁₆SH and CH₃(CH₂)₁₅SH. Rate constants from 1 per second (s^–1) to 2 x 10⁴ s^–1 in 1 molar HClO₄ are reasonably fit with a reorganization energy of 0.85 eV and a prefactor for electron tunneling of 7 x 10⁴ s^–1 eV^–1. Such self-assembled monolayers can be used to systematically probe the dependence of electron-transfer rates on distance, medium, and spacer structure, and to provide an empirical basis for the construction of interfacial devices such as sensors and transducers that utilize macroscopically directional electron-transfer reactions.

Culture and Traditions

In Northern Pakistan "Chitral, Gilgit, Hunza and Baltistan" Noroz is celebrated as a socio-religious festival. It is also celebrated with much fervour in Balochistan and in the urban centres of Karachi and Lahore. The day coincides with the coming of spring season on March 21, but the celeberation continues for weeks. In Baltistan, the main feature of Norouz is gifting of coloured eggs to friends and playing polo, volley ball, hockey and football, westling, tug of war alongside folk dances, songs and music and exhibition of handicraft. While in Balochistan, the festival is marked with outdoor feasts, and the traditional jumping over a fire to wash away sins and usher in a fresh start. The origins of this festival are pre-Islamic and date back to when Pakistan was part of the Persian Empire for several thousand years.

NAGAR VALLEY

Historically, Nagar was oldest state in the whole Gilgit-Baltistan and remained as an independent state until 1892 when Britishcolonized it. The battle fought in 1892 against the invading British army by people of Nagar (renowned locally “Nagarkutz”) at the spot of Thole Nagar, is remembered as “Jungeer-e-lay”. This battle went in favor of English army at the last moment when a representative of state betrayed his own men by providing information about a secret route on a mountai8n to enter the Nagar Valley, which was main obstacle in front of the invading English army.Nagar sub-division located in the north-east of District Gilgit (the main administrative centre of Gilgit-Baltistan) around some 65 km and at the height of 2590m from sea level.  It consists of around 30 villages, covering an area of 7500 Sq. Kilometers, with population of approximately 90,000.  There are two Tehsils and two Halqas (seats for Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly) in Nagar sub-division. The Hunza valley lies parallel to Nagar valley on the other side of river.In the valleyof Nagar, two languages Brushaski and Shina are spoken mainly. Agriculture is main source of income in this region. The local festivals, besides religious days, are Ushayas, Ginani, Thamo-bow, Halden etc. On the occasion of these events the National Game of this region “Polo” - the king of matches and match of the kings, which is the most famous game in this valley is played among different teams. The Karakuram Highway--the highest trade route in the world, passes through the valleys of Nagar, and enters into Hunza at the spot of Pison after crossing “Hunza-Nagar River”.  This river has most of its water coming from 29 small and big glaciers and ice peaks of Nagar.

The religion of the Nagar Valley is Islam with 100% Shia Isna Ashree. The literacy rate is over 90% for men and about 59% for women. According to the 1998 census, the population of the Nagar Valley was 1 lac and according to the 2000 figures the population had risen to 100,000. The languages spoken are Brushashki, and Shena . Sixty percent of the Burusho people live in Nagar. 40% of the Shina-speaking people live in Nagar Valley. Bedishki is a language spoken by the Bedicho (Doma) tribe of Nagar. It is related to the Gujarati language. It has only one hundred speakers, and is spoken in Chalat Nagar.

Gilgit-Baltistan

Gilgit-Baltistan (Urdu: گلگت - بلتستان, formerly known as the Northern Areas (Urdu: شمالی علاقہ جات, Shumālī Ilāqe Jāt)),is the northernmost political entity within Pakistan. It borders Pakistan`s Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province to the west,Afghanistan`s Wakhan Corridor to the north, China to the east and northeast, Azad Kashmirto the southwest, and Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir to the southeast. Gilgit-Baltistan covers an area of 72,971 km (28,174 m) and is highly mountainous. It has an estimated population approaching 1,000,000. Its administrative center is the city of Gilgit(population 216,760).

The territory became a single administrative unit in 1970 under the name Northern Areasand was formed by the amalgamation of the Gilgit Agency, the Baltistan District of the Ladakh Wazarat, and the states of Hunza and Nagar. Gilgit-Baltistan and the neighboring Azad Kashmir together constitute the distputed region, referred to as Pakistan-administered Kashmir by the United Nations and other international organisations, and as Pakistan.

Gilgit-Baltistan, which was most recently known as the Northern Areas, presently consists of seven districts, has a population approaching one million, has an area of approximately 28,000 square miles (73,000 km), and shares borders with

Pakistan, China, Afghanistan, and India. According to the Pakistani newspaper Daily Times, the people of Gilgit-Baltistan were liberated from the Dogra regime with the aid of the Pakistani army on 1 November 1947. The newspaper further states that while the area was independent for less than a month, they specifically requested the aid of the Pakistani government due to a lack of administrative infrastructure, and were thus incorporated into Pakistan upon the request of local residents. 

PAKISTAN

Pakistan  (Urdu: پاکِستان) officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکِستان) is asovereign state in South Asia. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Seaand the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan lies adjacent to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. In addition, Oman is also located in maritime vicinity and shares a marine border with Pakistan.Strategically, Pakistan is located in a position between the important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the greater Middle East.

The name Pakistan means Land of (the) Pure in Urdu and Persian. It was coined in 1933 asPakstan by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan movement activist, who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never.Pakistan is a federation of four provinces, Punjab, Sind, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a capital territory and a group of federally administered tribal areas. The government of Pakistan exercises de facto jurisdiction over the western parts of the disputed Kashmir region, organised as separate political entities; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. The latter has been given a province-like status for self government by the Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order, 2009.

Pakistan is the second-most populous Muslim-majority country and also has the second-largest Shi`a population in the world. About 97% of the Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunni, with an estimated 20-30% Shi`a. 2.3% are Ahmadis, who are officially considered non-Muslims since a 1974 "anti-Ahmadi" constitutional amendment. There are also several Sufi and Quraniyoon communities. Although the groups of Muslims usually coexist peacefully, sectarian violence occurs sporadically. The religious breakdown of the country is as follows:

• Islam 173,000,000 (97%) (majority Sunni, 20-30% Shi`a and 2.3% Ahmadis, minority Sufi).
• Hinduism 2,800,000 (1.6%)
• Christianity 2,800,000 (1.6%)
• Sikhs Around 20,000 (0.001%)
• The remaining are Parsis, Buddhists, Jews, Bahá`ís and Animists (mainly the Kalasha of Chitral)

Hunza Valley

Welcome to Hunza valley Hunza was formerly a princely state, and one of the most loyal vassals to the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, bordering China to the north-east and Pamir to its north-west, which continued to survive until 1974, when it was finally dissolved by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south, the former princely state of Nagar to the east. The state capital was the town of Baltit (also known asKarimabad) and its old settlement is Ganish Village.Hunza was an independent principality for more than 900 years. The British gained control of Hunza and the neighbouring valley of Nagar between 1889 and 1892 followed by a military engagement of severe intensity. The then Thom (Prince) Mir Safdar Ali Khan of Hunza fled to Kashghar in China and sought what can be called political asylum.The ruling family of Hunza is called Ayeshe (heavenly), from the following circumstance. The two states of Hunza and Nagar were formerly one, ruled by a branch of the Shahreis, the ruling family of Gilgit, whose seat of government was Nagar. Tradition relates that Mayroo Khan, apparently the first Muslim Thum ofNagar some 200 years after the introduction of the religion of Islam to Gilgit, married a daughter of Trakhan of Gilgit, who bore him twin sons named Moghlot and Girkis. From the former the present ruling family of Nager is descended. The twins are said to have shown hostility to one another from birth. Their father seeing this and unable to settle the question of succession, divided his state between them, giving to Girkis the north, and to Moghlot the south, bank of the river.

Banana

You'll never look at a banana the same way again after discovering the many health benefits and reasons to add them to your diet. Bananas combat depression, make you smarter, cure hangovers, relieve morning sickness, protect against kidney cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis and blindness. They can cure the itch of a mosquito bite and put a great shine on your shoes. 

If you think bananas are just for monkeys, think again.

1.  Bananas help overcome depression due high levels of tryptophan, 
which is converted into serotonin -- the happy-mood brain 
neurotransmitter
2.  Eat two bananas before a strenuous workout to pack an energy punch 
and sustain your blood sugar
3.  Protect against muscle cramps during workouts and night time leg 
cramps by eating a banana
4.  Counteract calcium loss during urination and build strong bones by 
supplementing with a banana
5.  Improve your mood and reduce PMS symptoms by eating a banana, 
which regulates blood sugar and produces stress-relieving relaxation
6.  Bananas reduce swelling, protect against type II diabetes, aid weight 
loss, strengthen the nervous system, and help with the production of 
white blood cells, all due to high levels of vitamin B-6
7.  Strengthen your blood and relieve anemia with the added iron from 
bananas
8.  High in potassium and low in salt, bananas are officially recognized by 
the FDA as being able to lower blood pressure, and protect against heart
attack and stroke

Eating bananas aids digestion

9.  Rich in pectin, bananas aid digestion and gently chelate toxins and 
heavy metals from the body
10.  Bananas act as a prebiotic, stimulating the growth of friendly bacteria in
the bowel. They also produce digestive enzymes to assist in absorbing 
nutrients.
11.  Constipated? High fiber in bananas can help normalize bowel motility.
12.  Got the runs? Bananas are soothing to the digestive tract and help 
restore lost electrolytes after diarrhea.
13.  Bananas are a natural antacid, providing relief from acid reflux, 
heartburn and GERD
14.  Bananas are the only raw fruit that can be consumed without distress to
relieve stomach ulcers by coating the lining of the stomach against 
corrosive acids

Natural cures from a simple banana

15.  Eating bananas helps prevent kidney cancer, protects the eyes against
macular degeneration and builds strong bones by increasing
calcium absorption
16.  Bananas make you smarter and help with learning by making you more
alert. Eat a banana before an exam to benefit from the high levels
of potassium.
17.  Bananas are high in antioxidants, providing free radicals and protection
from chronic disease
18.  Eating a banana between meals helps stabilize blood sugar and reduce
nausea from morning sickness
19.  Rub a bug bite or hives with the inside of the banana peel to relieve
itching and irritation
20.  Control blood sugar and avoid binging between meals by eating a
banana
21.  Eating a banana can lower the body temperature and cool you during a
fever or on a hot day
22.  The natural mood-enhancer tryptophan, helps to relieve Seasonal
Affective Disorder (SAD)
23.  Quitting smoking? Bananas contain high levels of B-vitamins as well as
potassium and magnesium speed recovery from the effects of
withdrawal
24.  Remove a wart by placing the inside of a piece of banana peel against
the wart and taping it in place
25.  Rub the inside of a banana peel on your leather shoes or handbag and
polish with a dry cloth for a quick shine

Oh, and remember -- bananas make great snacks and delicious smoothies. 

Now you know why monkeys are so happy. Eat a banana!

Mangoes best for health

Mangos taste so good that people forget they are also healthy!  Discover how the “king of fruits” can help you, plus fascinating trivia and a few mango cautions and concerns.

Health Benefits:

1.  Prevents Cancer: 
Research has shown antioxidant compounds in mango fruit have been found to protect against colon, breast, leukemia and prostate cancers. These compounds include quercetin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, fisetin, gallic acid and methylgallat, as well as the abundant enzymes.

2.  Lowers Cholesterol: 
The high levels of fiber, pectin and vitamin C help to lower serum cholesterol levels, specifically Low-Density Lipoprotein (the bad stuff)

3.  Clears the Skin: 
Can be used both internally and externally for the skin. Mangos clear clogged pores and eliminate pimples. (Read more on page 5.)

4.  Eye Health: 
One cup of sliced mangoes supplies 25 percent of the needed daily value of vitamin A, which promotes good eyesight and prevents night blindness and dry eyes.

5.  Alkalizes the Whole Body:
The tartaric acid, malic acid, and a trace of citric acid found in the fruit help to maintain the alkali reserve of the body.

Indo-Pakistani war of 1965

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War fought by India and Pakistan over the disputed region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. The war began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India.The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.

6 September is marked by the President, Prime Minister and members of the government paying respect to the armed forces.

Defence Day
Two JF-17 Thunder aircraft in an airshow.
Also called	Youm-e-Difa(یوم دفاع)
Observed by	Pakistan
Type	National
Date	6 September
Celebrations	Flag hoisting, Parade, Military exhibitions, award ceremonies, singing patriotic songs, entertainment and military programmes, speeches, etc.

Religions of the world

• Atheism

  Atheists are people who believe that god or gods are man-made constructs.

• Baha'i

  One of the youngest of the world's major religions.

• Buddhism

  A way of living based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.

• Candomblé

  A religion based on African beliefs, originating in Brazil.

• Christianity

  The world's biggest faith, based on the teaching of Jesus Christ.

• Hinduism

  A group of faiths rooted in the religious ideas of India.

• Islam

  Revealed in its final form by the Prophet Muhammad.

• Jainism

  An ancient philosophy and ethical teaching that originated in India.

• Jehovah's Witnesses

  A Christian-based evangelistic religious movement.

• Judaism

  Based around the Jewish people's covenant relationship with God.

• Mormonism

  The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

• Paganism

  Contemporary religions usually based on reverence for nature.

• Rastafari

  A young religion founded in Jamaica in the 1930s.

• Santeria

  Afro-Caribbean syncretic religion originating in Cuba.

• Shinto

  Japanese folk tradition and ritual with no founder or single sacred scripture.

• Sikhism

  The religion founded by Guru Nanak in India in the 15th Century CE.

• Spiritualism

  Spiritualists believe in communication with the spirits of people who have died.

• Taoism

  An ancient tradition of philosophy and belief rooted in Chinese worldview.

• Unitarianism

  An open-minded and individualistic approach to religion.

• Zoroastrianism

  One of the oldest monotheistic faiths, founded by the Prophet 
  Zoroaster.
  
  
  
  
  Thanks BBC

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, (Urdu:ادارہ جوہری توانائی پاکستان ; popularly known as PAEC), is an administrative, governmental, and autonomous science and technology research institution, responsible for the development of nuclear energy research and development of nuclear power sector in Pakistan The PAEC was constitutionally established in its modern form by a Parliamentary act of 1956 under the Government of Prime minister, HUSSAIN Shaheed Suhrawardy as a part of his nuclear policy.

The primary purpose of PAEC is to control the peaceful development of Nuclear technology as well as development of reactor technology in the country.Over the several years, the PAEC has built an extensive infrastructure for contributing to the economic uplift of the country.And, it has established nuclear medicine research centres mainly focusing on cancer by using the technology of Nuclear medicines.

A science and technology organisation, the PAEC has sponsored science conferences and research programmes in the universities in all over the countries.The PAEC is also a partner of European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) where its scientists have contributed in experiments. Its scientists visit CERN on a regular basis while taking part in projects led by CERN. The PAEC is part of Nuclear Command Authority under the current command of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.

                 Agency overview

Formed	March 1956
Preceding agencies	Atomic Energy Commission Parliamentary Act of 1956 (etc.)
Superseding agency	Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority(PNRA) and Nuclear Command Authority (NCA)
Jurisdiction	Government of Pakistan
Headquarters	Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory
Agency executive	Dr. Ansar Pervaiz, Chairman
Key document	(etc.)
Website
www.paec.gov.pk
Footnotes
Note: PAEC is an autonomous agency that is free from jurisdiction of any ministry of Pakistan. It directly reported to Pakistan's Prime Minister Secretariat.